The notes are in numerical or alphabetical order, but can be of various types as well.  Some of you may want to use roman numbers while others will prefer letters, notably.  This being said, keep in mind that it is better not to include more than one reference per footnote or endnote and that each note is unique, the next one necessarily being an increased number or letter.

The reference in regard to this first footnote must be fully written, with the exact source:

1- Henry Bogdan, La question royale en Hongrie au lendemain de la Première Guerre mondiale, Louvain : Institut de recherches de l'Europe centrale, 1979, p. 24.

Keep in mind that the name of the author is fully included (first name, then the family name) and that the title is written in italics; some university departments will underline the title instead of putting it in italics.  After the title, we must indicate the city where the book was published, the name of the editor, the year it was published and, finally, the page number(s).  When the reference is about a page in particular, you shall include "p." but if it regards several pages, you shall indicate "pp.".

If it is an article, the format is different.

2- M.I. Finley, "The Silent Women of Rome", in Horizon, no 7 (1965), Tuscaloosa, Horizon Publishers, p. 64.

As you can see, the title of the article must appear between quote marks, followed by the name of the journal or review in italics.  We also must indicate the prefix "in" before the name of the latter.  Afterward, we indicate the volume number and/or the date when the article was first published (year, month and day, if it applies), the city where it was published, the name of the publisher and, lastly, we include the page(s) to which the reference is related.

Now, when the reference is repetitive, we can use some predefined terms in order to avoid repeating the full reference over and over again:

3- Ibid., p. 66.

This "Ibid." makes reference to page 66 of Finley's article, "The Silent Women of Rome".

4- Idem.

In this case, the reference is identical to the previous one (footnote 3): same article, same page (p.66).

5- Bogdan, op.cit., p. 45.

For this fifth reference, I use op.cit. (it is a book), because Bogdan was already cited as a footnote or an endnote but not directly in the previous note (footnote 4).  I also must state the page number to which it refers.  If many different Bogdan books were previously included as a footnote or endnote, I would have to indicate the name of the book to avoid any confusion: Bogdan, Histoire des pays de l'Est, p. 59.

6- Finley, loc.cit., p. 25.

Same explanation as for footnote 5, but I used loc.cit. instead, because it is an article.

REGARDING ELECTRONIC REFERENCES ↑

THE BIBLIOGRAPHY ↑

Example of a full bibliography:

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS ↑ Here's a section that is a resourceful selection of excellent questions and answers.  In order for this section to evolve, you can send your questions by email.  I will answer you promptly and may publish your questions and my answers in this section.  Feel free to ask me any question related to social sciences.  If I can't answer it, I shall ask some of my fellow scholars for a proper answer.  Note that some answers are only available through download of the electronic copy of the book (click on the book icon beside the question).  Buying my book is an excellent way to support independent publishing and, most importantly, your contribution will allow me to maintain this website, update it on a regular basis and continue to answer your questions.

۩ In a paper, where do I write the number?   ۩ If I use photos from the newspaper: on the poster, do I have to footnote the photos (from what paper, date, photographer, etc.)? ۩ When using endnotes, if you use a source more than once but a different page number, how would you document that on the endnotes' page? ۩ When you have two footnotes in one sentence how do you put them in?   ۩ Footnote of a transcription (in his own words) of a conference.   ۩ Regarding a quote from a website page. ۩ Must the number always be included before the period?   ۩ I want to quote the definition of the word "didaktik" from a German dictionary that wasn't written by any one person.  How do I do that? ۩ How do I include a footnote for a quote extracted from a book written by numerous authors (or how to use the "et al." or "et alii" terminologies)?   ۩ How do I include a reference for supplementary notes issued by a professor (lectures) and given to students through a downloadable file located on a locked and secured Intranet site (and accessible only to the students registered for the course)?   ۩ For each page of a document, does the numbering of the footnotes start again at #1, or can it continue?  ۩ Can I put 'Ibid.' at the top of the footnote section when referring to a previous book, which full title is placed immediately before this 'ibid.' but on a previous page and do you use 'Ibid.' to refer to a previous book ONLY or to the WHOLE previous footnote and what if this particular footnote regards two different authors (2 books)?   ۩ How do we properly footnote a citation from a book that has been translated?   ۩ How do I cite the back cover of a book (i.e.: what word do I use instead of the page number)? ۩ Where do I place the footnote if the idea of the whole paragraph comes from an expert author and how will the reader know the footnote refers to the whole paragraph and not just one sentence?   ۩ Would it be possible for you to give me some information about history as a field of study?

Question # 1 ↑        Yes I understand how to write the footnote page but in my paper where do I write the number.  For example: "Predictions about which students will do better academically or socially in which setting are highly fallible (6)".  Does the (6) go after period or before?  Thank you for your help. Sincerely, Stacy. Answer       The number must always be included before the period, never after, and must ideally appear at the end of your statement.  Here is an example : "The international comparisons present the main statistical indicators of more than 230 countries and territories, grouped by theme: population and income, labour force and prices, gross domestic product, international trade and investments, education and communication, health"1. 1 Institut de la statistique, Gouvernement du Québec.  December 3, 2003.   <http://www.stat.gouv.qc.ca/donstat/econm_finnc/conjn_econm/compr_inter/index_an.htm>.   Question # 2 ↑       Sir, Doing a poster for a ecology project. Teacher wants footnotes. If I use photos from the newspaper on the poster do I have to footnote the photos from what paper, date, photographer etc. on the bottom. Thanks for your help. Answer         Good question.  Since a photo is also protected by copyright laws, it is necessary to mention its source, unless it is a copyright-free photo.  Here's what your footnote or endnote should mention: Photographer or agency's name, "title of the article between quote marks (if the photo was part of an article)", in newspaper's name in italic letters, city where the journal was published, publisher's name, date (month, day, year), page number.  Also, don't forget to include this reference in your bibliography section as well.  Do not hesitate to communicate with me if you need any other help.  Good luck!     Question # 3 ↑      When using endnotes, if you use a source more than once but a different page number, how would you document that on the endnotes page? Answer   Question # 4 ↑     The following data was submitted via the electronic form on April 23rd, 2004: When you have two footnotes in one sentence how do you put them in?  At the end of the sentence separated by a comma or where they refer to a fact in the sentence? Answer    Question # 5 ↑    The following data was submitted via email on November 18th, 2005:           Dear Robert, I have been using your web page to guide me to correctly make my quotations for my thesis. There is one quote I have not been able to quote correctly, for it is a tricky one and i can't do anything for making it right. The case is as follows: Georges Banu transcribed, as accurate as possible (in his own words), the conference of Jerzy Grotowski. The text was published in ART/PRESS in Paris in 1987. If you could help me, I would be for ever thankful, for it is of primordial importance for me (and my university) to have all quotations and all rules in perfect order. Thanks for your time. E. Correa P.S.: I am from Colombia and Spanish is my first language, so excuse my English. Answer         Good day Elizabeth, First of all, thank you for visiting my website.  So, from what I understand, Georges Banu went to a conference given by Jerzy Grotowski and, after hearing Grotowsky, decided to write an article regarding this particular conference, which he published in a 1987 ART PRESS review. So, if that’s the proper context for your source, your reference note should appear as follows (this is only an example): Georges Banu, « title of the article between quote marks », in Art Press (the title of the review, Art Press, must appear in italicized letters), # 34 (here goes the review's edition number, for instance #34 or No 34 if it is its 34th publication),  Paris : Impr. Le Scorpion, September 1987, p. 26 (after « p. », indicate the page number of your article’s quote or source of information; for example, p. 26, or pp. 26-27 if the source of your information appears on more than a single page). P.S. : after a quick research, it seems that this review's editor is Impr. Le Scorpion.  ==> Now, your footnote should look like this (this is only an example; a footnote can appear at the bottom of a page or at the end of your paper, but before the bibliography section): Georges Banu, « How I became an impresario », in Art Press, No 34, Paris : Impr. Le Scorpion, September 1987, p. 26.    ==> For a bibliography reference, there are some differences though (the bibliography section must appear at the end of your paper, on the last page, where you mention all of your electronic and paper sources, books, reviews, etc…): BANU, Georges.  « How I became an impresario », in Art Press. No 34. Paris : Impr. Le Scorpion, September 1987. pp. 22-41.   [In an article's bibliography reference, you must indicate the total number of pages; for example: pp. 22-41]. I hope this will help you. Have a great day. Robert Radford   Question # 6 ↑     The following data was submitted via email on September 17th, 2007:     Robert,   I am trying to quote something said on a website page.  Can you help with this? I am writing a paper on the various personality types, and wanted to add some verbiage about the differences between Keirsey’s definitions and Jung-Myers definitions.   Here is the web site: http://www.keirsey.com/pumII/dimensions.html. Thanks... J Have a Great Day!   Vera B., Monterey, CA   Answer   Good evening Vera, You could use at least 2 different formats for your electronic reference: MLA or APA.  I will demonstrate each format but, ultimately, the choice is yours.  The only thing though is that if you have to quote other electronic references in a same paper, you’ll have to stick with the same format you used for the first electronic reference (you can’t use different formats in a same document). 1) MLA Style: Keirsey, David.  September 17th 2007, <http://www.keirsey.com/pumII/dimensions.html>. OR 2) APA Style: Keirsey, David (1998).  Please Understand Me II.  Retrieved September 17th 2007 from http://www.keirsey.com/pumII/dimensions.html. I personally prefer the APA Style because it gives the reader more information regarding the source.  As for the quotation within your paper, it should look like this:  " […] Jung and Myers were trying to figure out what the different types have in mind, while I am trying to figure out what they can do well under varying circumstances "1. Regarding the reference, you can either use an endnote (at the end of your paper) or a footnote (at the bottom of the page on which the quote is cited).  Again, if you choose footnotes, you must stick with it for all of the other references in a same paper J.  I personally prefer footnotes because the reader can look at the source’s reference very quickly (it’s on the same page). Here’s an example of how your footnote / endnote should look like if you decide to use the APA Style: _________________________________ 1 Keirsey, David (1998).  Please Understand Me II.  Retrieved September 17th 2007 from http://www.keirsey.com/pumII/dimensions.html. _________________________________ So, that’s about it.  If you have any other questions, feel free to write me.   Have a great evening. Robert Question # 7 ↑   The following data was submitted via email on October 18th, 2007:   Dear Sir: I am attempting to ascertain the concrete rule for the placement of footnotes within certain punctuation marks.  In searching the internet, I turned up the following in your FAQs on footnotes:   Cf. Question #1: " . . . I understand how to write the footnote page but in my paper where do I write the number.  For example: "Predictions about which students will do better academically or socially in which setting are highly fallible (6)".  Does the (6) go after period or before?  Thank you for your help.  Sincerely, Stacy". Answer: The number must always be included before the period, never after, and must ideally appear at the end of your statement.  Here is an example: " The international comparisons present the main statistical indicators of more than 230 countries and territories, grouped by theme: population and income, labour force and prices, gross domestic product, international trade and investments, education and communication, health "1. Can you please provide me the source for your answer.  We have quite a debate going about this issue in our law office, and we'd like to be able to settle it once and for all. Thank your for your attention to this request. Sincerely, D. Brown   Answer   Question # 8 ↑    The following data was submitted via email on March 7th, 2008:     Dear Mr. Radford, I want to quote the definition of the word 'didaktik' from a German dictionary that wasn't written by any one person. How do I do that? The name of the dictionary is Duden - Das Fremdwörterbuch. The publisher is Dudenverlag and the dictionary was published in 2006. Thanks for your help, Rebecca A. Answer Good day Rebecca, Thank you for visiting my website.  I found some information regarding this book: __________ Duden, das Fremdwörterbuch : auf der Grundlage der neuen amtlichen Rechtschreibregeln ; [unentbehrlich für das Verstehen und den Gebrauch fremder Wörter ; über 55 000 Fremdwörter mit über 400 000 Angaben zu Bedeutung, Aussprache, Grammatik, Herkunft, Schreibvarianten und Worttrennungen] / hrsg. von der Dudenredaktion. 9., aktualisierte Aufl. Mannheim ; Leipzig ; Wien ; Zürich : Dudenverl., 2007. - 1104 S. (Der Duden in 12 Bänden; 0005) 8. Aufl. u.d.T.: Duden, Fremdwörterbuch ISBN 3-411-04059-9/978-3-411-04059-9 __________ Now, after quoting the definition of the word ‘didaktik’, you must not forget to include a footnote number: this number must always be included before the period, never after, and must ideally appear at the end of your quote.  Regarding the footnote itself, here’s how it should appear: 1 Dudenredaktion, Duden, das Fremdwörterbuch : auf der Grundlage der neuen amtlichen Rechtschreibregeln, Mannheim: Dudenverlag, 2007, [+ page(s) of the book where the definition was found]. You must indicate where the definition was found in the book.  If the definition was found in « seiten » 54, 55 and 56, the footnote would look like this: 1 Dudenredaktion, Duden, das Fremdwörterbuch : auf der Grundlage der neuen amtlichen Rechtschreibregeln, Mannheim: Dudenverlag, 2007, s. 54-56. Now, for the bibliography (which must be added at the end of your paper), your reference should look like this: Dudenredaktion.  Duden, das Fremdwörterbuch : auf der Grundlage der neuen amtlichen Rechtschreibregeln.  Mannheim: Dudenverlag, 2007. 1104 S. Since we do not know the name of the author(s), we will use Dudenredaktion as the official “author”.  There are some differences between footnotes and bibliography references: in a footnote, we use commas and a single period at the end of the footnote; in a bibliography reference, we use a period after the name of the author and after the title, then we indicate the name of the city where the book was edited, we use a colon and we indicate the editor’s name, we use a comma, we indicate the year the book was published and we use another period.  We finally indicate the book’s total number of pages (“S.” is for seiten in German; “p.” for pages in English and in French) and we end it all with a final period. Do not hesitate to contact me again if you need additional help.  It’s always a pleasure. Haben Sie ein nettes Wochenende! Robert Radford   Question # 9 ↑    The following data was submitted via email on March 27th, 2008:               Dear Mr. Radford, Thank you for you help with my last question. I would greatly appreciate your help with another problem. I would like to cite from a book written by six authors, and am not quite sure how. The book is called Medizinische Psychologie, the Authors are G. Sonneck, O. Frischenschlager, M. Hexel, U. Kropiunigg, I. Pucher and M. Schjerve. Publishing company - Facultas in Vienna. Published in 1999.   6th Edition. Chapter 6 in the book is called Arztrolle - Patientenrolle and the author is S. Rossmanith The page I paraphrased is 104. Where on earth do I put in the footnote and reference list? Thank you! Rebecca Answer   Question # 10 ↑    The following data was submitted via email on March 30th, 2008:       Dear Mr. Radford, Thank you once again for your prompt answer. Next question: Our psychology professor has provided us supplementary notes to his lectures to download which I want to cite. They were written by himself, Markus Ebner, and two colleagues Marion Eckler and Andreas W. Fischer in Vienna 2008, but there's no publisher of course because it's never been published. How to quote this source? The name of the lecture is "Psychologie für Physiotherapiestudenten". Thanks! Rebecca Answer   If it's available for download, this would become an electronic reference. Hence, I would need to know the web address where the document is posted for download and the date (month, day, year) when you first downloaded the document. Once I have this information, I'll be able to show you how to include it as a footnote to your paper. Haben Sie einen schönen Sonntag! Robert Response   I can give you the web address, that is, the address of the university portal, but only the people in my semester of physio can access it, so it doesn't seem like a very helpful resource for people outside my class...right ? Thank you! Ein schönes Sonntag auch Ihnen.... Final answer