How to write footnotes, endnotes and electronic references

How to write footnotes, endnotes and electronic references in a proper format

www.end-note.com

Author: Robert Radford, M.A. ©MMVIII

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Definition of a Footnote	Comments from visitors
Regarding Electronic References (APA / MLA)	Author's other websites
Frequently Asked Questions	Sign and/or view guestbook

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DEFINITION OF A FOOTNOTE ↑

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In a text related to social sciences - history, for example -, it is necessary to include footnotes (at the end of the page) or endnotes (at the end of the document, but before the bibliography) in four particular circumstances. But, you can't use both formats in a same document; you either use footnotes or endnotes. Here are the particular circumstances:

۩ whenever you include a quote taken directly from another author's book or article;

۩ whenever you include one or many statistics (kilometres for a military frontage, number of victims in a conflict, amount of money given by a government, etc.);

۩ whenever a very precise idea or group of ideas are taken directly and literally from another author's argumentation;

۩ and/or whenever you include supplementary information allowing you to define or illustrate in more details a concept included to your text.

In order to include a footnote or an endnote, we must respect predefined criteria. The criteria can change from one field of study to another. Thus, the format illustrated in this page regards, more particularly, a proper methodology for history papers (theses, essays, synopses, etc.).

Firstly, most of the word processors allow their users to quickly include footnotes or endnotes to their documents. For instance, in Microsoft Word, the user has to click on the "Insert" option of the menu, then on "Reference" and, finally, on "Footnote".

The notes are in numerical or alphabetical order, but can be of various types as well. Some of you may want to use roman numbers while others will prefer letters, notably. This being said, keep in mind that it is better not to include more than one reference per footnote or endnote and that each note is unique, the next one necessarily being an increased number or letter.

The reference in regard to this first footnote must be fully written, with the exact source:

1- Henry Bogdan, La question royale en Hongrie au lendemain de la Première Guerre mondiale, Louvain : Institut de recherches de l'Europe centrale, 1979, p. 24.

Keep in mind that the name of the author is fully included (first name, then the family name) and that the title is written in italics; some university departments will underline the title instead of putting it in italics. After the title, we must indicate the city where the book was published, the name of the editor, the year it was published and, finally, the page number(s). When the reference is about a page in particular, you shall include "p." but if it regards several pages, you shall indicate "pp.".

If it is an article, the format changes a little.

2- M.I. Finley, "The Silent Women of Rome", in Horizon, no 7 (1965), Tuscaloosa, Horizon Publishers, p. 64.

As you can see, the title of the article must appear between quote marks, followed by the name of the journal or review in italics. We also must indicate the prefix "in" before the name of the latter. Afterward, we indicate the volume number and/or the date when the article was first published (year, month and day, if it applies), the city where it was published, the name of the publisher and, lastly, we include the page(s) to which the reference is related.

Now, when the reference is repetitive, we can use some predefined terms in order to avoid repeating the full reference over and over again:

Ibid.: whenever an identical reference to the previous footnote is used; the page number can be the same or can be different (in which case, you would indicate the different page number);

Idem.: whenever an identical reference to the previous footnote is used (the page number must also be the same). Some will prefer using the term "Ibid.".

Op.cit.: when a book reference has previously been stated as a footnote or an endnote, but not directly before;

Loc.cit.: when an article reference has previously been stated as a footnote or an endnote, but not directly before;

3- Ibid., p. 66.

This "Ibid." makes reference to page 66 of Finley's article, "The Silent Women of Rome".

4- Idem.

In this case, the reference is identical to the previous one (footnote 3): same article, same page (p.66).

5- Bogdan, op.cit., p. 45.

For this fifth reference, I use op.cit. (it is a book), because Bogdan was already cited as a footnote or an endnote but not directly in the previous note (footnote 4). I also must state the page number to which it refers. If many different Bogdan books were previously included as a footnote or endnote, I would have to indicate the name of the book to avoid any confusion: Bogdan, Histoire des pays de l'est, p. 59.

6- Finley, loc.cit., p. 25.

Same explanation as for footnote 5, but I used loc.cit. instead, because it is an article.

Regarding electronic references ↑

When you must include electronic references from Internet websites, you can use several formats. I propose two popular formats you could use in order to respect a proper format: the APA and MLA styles.

APA Style

Family name and first name of the author(s) (year of publication.) Title of the article or of the Internet website (in italic letters). Date you retrieved the information from the website in order to include it to your own document (month, day and year) and address of the website.

i.e.:

Rice, J.C., McBride, R.H. & Davis, J. (1998). Defining a web based learning environment. Retrieved November 5, 2000 from http://www.byu.edu/ipt/workshops/wbi/text.html.

MLA Style

From websites that do not indicate the name of the author(s):

Title of the website in italic letters. Date you retrieved the information from the website in order to include it to your own document (month, day and year) and address of the website in this format: <source>.

i.e.: Cyberbee. July 28 2002, <http://www.cyberbee.com>.

From websites where the name of the author(s) is (are) clearly identified:

Family name and first name of the author(s). Date you retrieved the information from the website in order to include it to your own document (month, day and year) and address of the website in this format: <source>.

i.e.: Radford, Robert. July 28 2002, <http://www.imperialtometric.com>.

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS ↑

Here's a section that is a resourceful selection of excellent questions and answers. In a way, it is also my small contribution to free online education. But, in order for this section to evolve, you can send your questions by email. I will answer you promptly and probably publish your questions and my answers in this section. Feel free to ask me any question related to Social Sciences. If I can't answer it, I shall ask some of my fellow scholars for a proper answer. Cheers!

	In a paper, where do I write the number?
	If I use photos from the newspaper: on the poster, do I have to footnote the photos (from what paper, date, photographer, etc.)?
	When using endnotes, if you use a source more than once but a different page number, how would you document that on the endnotes page?
	When you have two footnotes in one sentence how do you put them in?
	Footnote of a transcription (in his own words) of a conference.
	Regarding a quote from a website page.
	Must the number always be included before the period?
	I want to quote the definition of the word "didaktik" from a German dictionary that wasn't written by any one person. How do I do that?
	How do I include a footnote for a quote extracted from a book written by numerous authors (or how to use the " et al. " or " et alii" terminologies)?
	How do I include a reference for supplementary notes issued by a professor (lectures) and given to students through a downloadable file located on a locked and secured Intranet site (and accessible only to the students registered for the course)?
	For each page of a document, does the numbering of the footnotes start again at #1, or can it continue?
	Can I put 'Ibid.' at the top of the footnote section when referring to a previous book, which full title is placed immediately before this 'ibid.' but on a previous page and do you use 'Ibid.' to refer to a previous book ONLY or to the WHOLE previous footnote and what if this particular footnote regards two different authors (2 books)?
	How do we properly footnote a citation from a book that has been translated?
	How do I cite the back cover of a book (i.e.: what word do I use instead of the page number)?

Question # 1 ↑

Yes I understand how to write the footnote page but in my paper where do I write the number. For example: "Predictions about which students will do better academically or socially in which setting are highly fallible (6)". Does the (6) go after period or before? Thank you for your help.

Sincerely,
Stacy.

Answer

The number must always be included before the period, never after, and must ideally appear at the end of your statement.

Here is an example :

"The international comparisons present the main statistical indicators of more than 230 countries and territories, grouped by theme: population and income, labour force and prices, gross domestic product, international trade and investments, education and communication, health"¹.

¹ Institut de la statistique, Gouvernement du Québec. December 3, 2003.

<^{http://www.stat.gouv.qc.ca/donstat/econm_finnc/conjn_econm/compr_inter/index_an.htm}>.

Question # 2 ↑

Sir,
Doing a poster for a ecology project. Teacher wants footnotes. If I use photos from the newspaper on the poster do I have to footnote the photos from what paper, date, photographer etc. on the bottom. Thanks for your help.

Answer

Good question. Since a photo is also protected by copyright laws, it is necessary to mention its source, unless it is a copyright-free photo. Here's what your footnote or endnote should mention:

Photographer or agency's name, "title of the article between quote marks (if the photo was part of an article)", in newspaper's name in italic letters, city where the journal was published, publisher's name, date (month, day, year), page number.

Also, don't forget to include this reference in your bibliography section as well. Do not hesitate to communicate with me if you need any other help. Good luck!

Question # 3 ↑

When using endnotes, if you use a source more than once but a different page number, how would you document that on the endnotes page?

Answer

Good day,

The only difference between endnotes and footnotes is that endnotes are placed at the end of the text (after the conclusion part but before the bibliography section) instead of being placed at the end of each page as for the footnotes. Hence, footnotes and endnotes are the same on the basis of content format.

Now, if your source appears more than once but on a different page number: you should definitely use the "Ibid." standard if the source is repeated directly after its previous inclusion or the "Op.cit." (if it's a book) or "Loc.cit." (if it's an article) standard if the source was already mentioned but not in the last endnote prior to the one you are actually including.

Here are some examples (Morstado's reference was created for the purpose of explaining how to include endnotes; his article does not exist in reality):

Example A: let's say you used three different sources for your paper:

two books from Radford and one article from Morstado...

1- Robert Radford, Roman History, Morrisville, Lulu, 2007, p. 65.

Since it is the first time this Radford book is mentioned in your endnote section, the entire reference must be included.

2- Ibid., p. 67.

Ibid. is used because it is the same source as endnote 1 but the page number is different.

3- Enriqué Morstado, "Laughing in Theaters", in Best Laughing Locations, San Salvador, Why Corporation, 2002, p. 11.

Since it is the first time this Morstado article is mentioned in your endnote section, the entire reference must be included.

4- Radford, Op.cit., p. 69.

Op.cit. is used because it is a book and refers to endnote number 1.

5- Idem.

Idem. is used because endnote 4 is exactly the same as endnote 5. Idem. means "Identical".

6- Morstado, Loc.cit., p. 15.

Loc.cit. is used because it is an article and refers to endnote number 3.

7- Ibid., p. 16.

8- Robert Radford, Cognition Guide, Morrisville, Lulu, 2007, p. 162.

P.S.: be careful, this is another, different, Radford book that appears in your endnote section.

9- Morstado, Loc.cit., p. 20.

10- Radford, Cognition Guide, p. 101.

To avoid confusion between the two distinct Radford books mentioned previously, you must indicate the author's name, the exact book title and, finally, the page number.

11- Radford, Roman History, p. 79.

12- Idem.

Example B: let's say you used a single source for your paper...

1- Robert Radford, Cognition Guide, Morrisville, Lulu, 2007, p. 65.

2- Ibid., p. 50.

3- Idem.

4- Idem.

5- Ibid., p. 55.

6- Ibid., p. 60.

7- Idem.

Question # 4 ↑

The following data was submitted via the electronic form on April 23^rd, 2004:

When you have two footnotes in one sentence how do you put them in? At the end of the sentence separated by a comma or where they refer to a fact in the sentence?

Answer

Thank you for asking me a question on how to use footnotes in a proper format via my personal website. Ideally, it is better not to include two footnotes or endnotes in a same sentence. This being said, if you still need to include two such notes in a same sentence, it would be better to include them directly after the specified quote(s) and/or included statistic(s), as in this example:

In 2003, Montréal's metropolitan area included a

population of 3 574 500 inhabitants¹compared

to an estimated population of 7 487 200 for the

province of Québec².

¹Statistics Canada, May 2, 2004, <http://www.statcan.ca/english/Pgdb/demo05a.htm>.

²Statistics Canada, May 2, 2004, <http://www.statcan.ca/english/Pgdb/demo02a.htm>.

It is not a good idea to include numerous footnotes or endnotes at the end of a same sentence (separated by commas) because it would be difficult for the readers to know which statistic(s) and/or quote(s) - included in this particular sentence - the notes would refer to. To avoid any confusion, I definitely prefer the inclusion of a single note per sentence but this remains a personal choice. It's up to the author to decide!

Question # 5 ↑

The following data was submitted via email on November 18^th, 2005:

Dear Robert,

I have been using your web page to guide me to correctly make my quotations for my thesis. There is one quote I have not been able to quote correctly, for it is a tricky one and i can't do anything for making it right. The case is as follows:

Georges Banu transcribed, as accurate as possible (in his own words), the conference of Jerzy Grotowski. The text was published in ART/PRESS in Paris in 1987. If you could help me, I would be for ever thankful, for it is of primordial importance for me (and my university) to have all quotations and all rules in perfect order.

Thanks for your time.

E. Correa
P.S.: I am from Colombia and Spanish is my first language, so excuse my English.

Answer

Good day Elizabeth,

First of all, thank you for visiting my website. So, from what I understand, Georges Banu went to a conference given by Jerzy Grotowski and, after hearing Grotowsky, decided to write an article regarding this particular conference, which he published in a 1987 ART PRESS review.

So, if that’s the proper context for your source, your reference note should appear as follows (this is only an example):

Georges Banu, « title of the article between quote marks », in Art Press (the title of the review, Art Press, must appear in italicized letters), # 34 (here goes the review's edition number, for instance #34 or No 34 if it is its 34th publication), Paris : Impr. Le Scorpion, September 1987, p. 26 (after « p. », indicate the page number of your article’s quote or source of information; for example, p. 26, or pp. 26-27 if the source of your information appears on more than a single page).

P.S. : after a quick research, it seems that this review's editor is Impr. Le Scorpion.

==> Now, your footnote should look like this (this is only an example; a footnote can appear at the bottom of a page or at the end of your paper, but before the bibliography section):

Georges Banu, « How I became an impresario », in Art Press, No 34, Paris : Impr. Le Scorpion, September 1987, p. 26.

==> For a bibliography reference, there are some differences though (the bibliography section must appear at the end of your paper, on the last page, where you mention all of your electronic and paper sources, books, reviews, etc…):

BANU, Georges. « How I became an impresario », in Art Press. No 34. Paris : Impr. Le Scorpion, September 1987. pp. 22-41.

[In an article's bibliography reference, you must indicate the total number of pages; for example: pp. 22-41].

I hope this will help you. Have a great day.

Robert Radford

Question # 6 ↑

The following data was submitted via email on September 17^th, 2007:

Robert,

I am trying to quote something said on a website page. Can you help with this? I am writing a paper on the various personality types, and wanted to add some verbiage about the differences between Keirsey’s definitions and Jung-Myers definitions. Here is the web site: http://www.keirsey.com/pumII/dimensions.html.

Thanks... J Have a Great Day!

Vera B., Monterey, CA

Answer

Good evening Vera,

You could use at least 2 different formats for your electronic reference: MLA or APA. I will demonstrate each format but, ultimately, the choice is yours. The only thing though is that if you have to quote other electronic references in a same paper, you’ll have to stick with the same format you used for the first electronic reference (you can’t use different formats in a same document).

1) MLA Style:

Keirsey, David. September 17^th 2007, <http://www.keirsey.com/pumII/dimensions.html>.

2) APA Style:

Keirsey, David (1998). Please Understand Me II. Retrieved September 17^th 2007 from http://www.keirsey.com/pumII/dimensions.html.

I personally prefer the APA Style because it gives the reader more information regarding the source. As for the quotation within your paper, it should look like this:

" […] Jung and Myers were trying to figure out what the different types have in mind, while I am trying to figure out what they can do well under varying circumstances "¹.

Regarding the reference, you can either use an endnote (at the end of your paper) or a footnote (at the bottom of the page on which the quote is cited). Again, if you choose footnotes, you must stick with it for all of the other references in a same paper J. I personally prefer footnotes because the reader can look at the source’s reference very quickly (it’s on the same page).

Here’s an example of how your footnote / endnote should look like if you decide to use the APA Style:

_________________________________

¹Keirsey, David (1998). Please Understand Me II. Retrieved September 17^th 2007 from http://www.keirsey.com/pumII/dimensions.html.

_________________________________

So, that’s about it. If you have any other questions, feel free to write me.

Have a great evening.

Robert

Question # 7 ↑

The following data was submitted via email on October 18^th, 2007:

Dear Sir:

I am attempting to ascertain the concrete rule for the placement of footnotes within certain punctuation marks.

In searching the internet, I turned up the following in your FAQs on footnotes:

Cf. Question #1:

" . . . I understand how to write the footnote page but in my paper where do I write the number. For example: "Predictions about which students will do better academically or socially in which setting are highly fallible (6)". Does the (6) go after period or before? Thank you for your help. Sincerely, Stacy".

Answer:

The number must always be included before the period, never after, and must ideally appear at the end of your statement. Here is an example:

" The international comparisons present the main statistical indicators of more than 230 countries and territories, grouped by theme: population and income, labour force and prices, gross domestic product, international trade and investments, education and communication, health "¹.

Can you please provide me the source for your answer. We have quite a debate going about this issue in our law office, and we'd like to be able to settle it once and for all.

Thank your for your attention to this request.

Sincerely,

D. Brown

Answer

Good day,

First of all, thank you for visiting my website. Your question is an excellent one; before defending my point of view, it is of the upmost importance to say that in the world of reference notes, many different methods exist and several “Écoles de pensée“ (Schools of thought) have their own little system for including and representing their references to their papers. Some thinkers are also against the use of any form of footnotes or endnotes and include their sources directly in the text (just thinking about it gives me chills!!).

Now, even if I don’t agree with every school of thought, I respect them all. This being said, it doesn’t change the fact that you want your source to be included properly to your paper, you want it to respect a certain methodology and you want your readers to understand easily and clearly where you got your information without invading your text (I call it “prostituting a text” when sources are put directly in the sentence but that’s only my perspective). To that regard, I firmly believe that my method is one of the proper ones. It is a method that includes the possibility to use different systems, notably the MLA or APA, and it is the method I used and continue to use for my university courses in Social Sciences (B.A. / M.A. in History) and Technology (M.A.).

Many institutions ask their researchers, newspaper agents, scientists, employees, etc, to put the reference numbers before the period and never after the end of the sentence. Here are two examples:

Perspective Afrique (a scientific review, in French): http://www.perspaf.org/index.php/Guide_redactionnel/24/0/

“Appel de note : pas d'espace entre le numéro de l'appel et l'élément visé par la note ; si le numéro de l'appel vient à la fin d'une phrase, il est placé avant le point“.

Translation: Note numbering: no space between the number and the element aimed by the note; if the number comes at the end of a sentence, it is placed before the period.

Université Laval in Québec City, Canada: http://www.com.ulaval.ca/publications_liens/etudes_com_publique/normes.php

“Appel de note : pas d'espace entre le numéro de l'appel et l'élément visé par la note ; si le numéro de l'appel vient à la fin d'une phrase, il est placé avant le point“.

Translation: Note numbering: no space between the number and the element aimed by the note; if the number comes at the end of a sentence, it is placed before the period.

Regarding your Office debate, I wouldn’t go on a crusade with this. Hence, you won’t be able to settle it once and for all based uniquely on scientific methodology. You’ll have to sit down, have coffee and donuts and decide, probably by voting on it (democracy!), which format your office will use in the future. Keep me informed: I’m curious to know what your law office will, in fact, do!

Also, write me an email if you need any additional information. It’s always a pleasure to help.

Best regards.

Robert Radford

Question # 8 ↑

The following data was submitted via email on March 7^th, 2008:

Dear Mr. Radford,

I want to quote the definition of the word 'didaktik' from a German dictionary that wasn't written by any one person. How do I do that? The name of the dictionary is Duden - Das Fremdwörterbuch. The publisher is Dudenverlag and the dictionary was published in 2006.

Thanks for your help,

Rebecca A.

Answer

Good day Rebecca,

Thank you for visiting my website. I found some information regarding this book:

__________

Duden, das Fremdwörterbuch : auf der Grundlage der neuen amtlichen Rechtschreibregeln ; [unentbehrlich für das Verstehen und den Gebrauch fremder Wörter ; über 55 000 Fremdwörter mit über 400 000 Angaben zu Bedeutung, Aussprache, Grammatik, Herkunft, Schreibvarianten und Worttrennungen] / hrsg. von der Dudenredaktion.

9., aktualisierte Aufl.

Mannheim ; Leipzig ; Wien ; Zürich : Dudenverl., 2007. - 1104 S.

(Der Duden in 12 Bänden; 0005)

8. Aufl. u.d.T.: Duden, Fremdwörterbuch

ISBN 3-411-04059-9/978-3-411-04059-9

__________

Now, after quoting the definition of the word ‘didaktik’, you must not forget to include a footnote number: this number must always be included before the period, never after, and must ideally appear at the end of your quote.

Regarding the footnote itself, here’s how it should appear:

¹Dudenredaktion, Duden, das Fremdwörterbuch : auf der Grundlage der neuen amtlichen Rechtschreibregeln, Mannheim: Dudenverlag, 2007, [+ page(s) of the book where the definition was found].

You must indicate where the definition was found in the book. If the definition was found in « seiten » 54, 55 and 56, the footnote would look like this:

¹ Dudenredaktion, Duden, das Fremdwörterbuch : auf der Grundlage der neuen amtlichen Rechtschreibregeln, Mannheim: Dudenverlag, 2007, s. 54-56.

Now, for the bibliography (which must be added at the end of your paper), your reference should look like this:

Dudenredaktion. Duden, das Fremdwörterbuch : auf der Grundlage der neuen amtlichen Rechtschreibregeln. Mannheim: Dudenverlag, 2007. 1104 S.

Since we do not know the name of the author(s), we will use Dudenredaktion as the official “author”. There are some differences between footnotes and bibliography references: in a footnote, we use commas and a single period at the end of the footnote; in a bibliography reference, we use a period after the name of the author and after the title, then we indicate the name of the city where the book was edited, we use a colon and we indicate the editor’s name, we use a comma, we indicate the year the book was published and we use another period. We finally indicate the book’s total number of pages (“S.” is for seiten in German; “p.” for pages in English and in French) and we end it all with a final period.

Do not hesitate to contact me again if you need additional help. It’s always a pleasure.

Haben Sie ein nettes Wochenende!

Robert Radford

Question # 9 ↑

The following data was submitted via email on March 27^th, 2008:

Dear Mr. Radford,

Thank you for you help with my last question. I would greatly appreciate your help with another problem.

I would like to cite from a book written by six authors, and am not quite sure how.

The book is called Medizinische Psychologie, the Authors are G. Sonneck, O. Frischenschlager, M. Hexel, U. Kropiunigg, I. Pucher and M. Schjerve.

Publishing company - Facultas in Vienna. Published in 1999. 6th Edition.

Chapter 6 in the book is called Arztrolle - Patientenrolle and the author is S. Rossmanith

The page I paraphrased is 104.

Where on earth do I put in the footnote and reference list?

Thank you!

Rebecca

Answer

Good day Rebecca,

This is a very good question and it's a pleasure for me to help you. Regarding your problem, we must distinguish two things: is it a book that includes numerous articles (each article being from a specific author?) or is it a book written by several authors, each of them participating in complete solidarity to the book's content and ideology (hence, such a book would not include articles by different authors but would, instead, be the result of an overall and collective effort).

==> If the book includes articles from different authors, your footnote should appear as follows:

S. Rossmanith, "Arztrolle - Patientenrolle", in Medizinische Psychologie, 6^th Edition, Vienna: Facultas, 1999, p. 104.

==> If the book is a collective effort and does not include any particular article, your footnote should appear as follows:

G. Sonneck et al., Medizinische Psychologie, 6th Edition, Vienna: Facultas, 1999, p. 104.

G. Sonneck et alii, Medizinische Psychologie, 6th Edition, Vienna: Facultas, 1999, p. 104.

[“et al.” / “et alii” are used whenever more than one author contribute to the book. I usually use it when more than two authors are present though. When there are two authors, you can indicate both of them in the footnote (i.e.: “G. Sonneck and M. Hexel”) but when more than two are present, use the “et al.” or “et alii” terminology. When used, you must indicate the name of one of the authors of the book followed by “et al.” or “et alii”. In your work, you must decide which one you’ll use though: if you use “et al.”, you must continue using it for all of the other references with numerous authors in your paper; the same goes for “et alii”. Hence, it’s one or the other. I normally use « et alii » for my papers in French and “et al.” when my work is written in English. Finally, don’t forget to italicize the “et al.” or “et alii” terminology used.]

For your bibliography:

==> If it’s an article…

Rossmanith, S. "Arztrolle - Patientenrolle", in Medizinische Psychologie. 6^th Edition. Vienna: Facultas, 1999. pp. 92-115.

[“pp. 92-115” is just an example; you must replace it with the exact pages referring to Rossmanith’s article. If the article starts at page 92 and ends at page 115, then you would indicate “pp. 92-115”. As for the article’s title, it always appears between quotation marks but must not be italicized; on the other hand, the title of the book is italicized but does not appear between quotation marks. Remember that “pp.” means “pages” (plural form since there may be numerous pages for the article; if the article fits on a single page, then you would indicate “p.” (singular form) instead of “pp.”.]

==> If it’s a collective effort that does not include any particular article…

Sonneck, G. et al. Medizinische Psychologie. 6th Edition. Vienna: Facultas, 1999. 366 p.

[I believe this book has a total of 366 pages but I’m not 100% sure… be aware that you must indicate the total number of pages contained in the book only if your reference is not considered an article.]

Best regards!

Robert

Question # 10 ↑

The following data was submitted via email on March 30^th, 2008:

Dear Mr. Radford,

Thank you once again for your prompt answer. Next question: Our psychology professor has provided us supplementary notes to h